Traditional Medicine and Folk Remedies: Miti Shamba Chat with Beatrice Mmbone

I’ve been meaning to write about traditional medicine for the longest time. It all started when our Lead Gardener, Beatrice, shared something surprising: to treat a toothache, crush an avocado seed into powder and apply it directly into the cavity—relief comes within hours. That got me thinking: how many other fruit trees, native or exotic, hold medicinal value?

Here’s what I’ve learnt from just one conversation with Beatrice—a naturalised herbalist—who shared vivid anecdotes of how she and her father treated both people and animals using miti shamba knowledge passed down through generations, and now to her eldest son, Allan. One forgotten yet fascinating “must-have plant” that stood out in my research is Mhira. Its English and botanical names remain unknown, but what we do know is that it’s a leafy vine-like tree with an uncanny ability to reveal hidden truths—almost like a botanical Sherlock Holmes.

In this first episode, we unpack each plant mentioned—following the audio recording in chronological order—exploring its local name, botanical name, traditional uses, and key considerations. Staying true to the native language, each entry begins with the Luhya name, setting a precedent for honouring local medicine and the ancestral wisdom passed down through generations.

Before I begin, it’s important to note that while miti shamba—traditional plant-based remedies—are deeply rooted in African cultural knowledge and often used for their healing properties, they should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Efficacy may vary, and some herbs may interact with modern medications. Always consult a qualified health practitioner before use.

Here is an account of some of the traditional medicinal plants and folk remedies that were discussed:

Muthulia (Spathodea campanulata)

Common Name: African Tulip Tree, Flame Tree
Local Name (Luhya): Muthulia
Botanical Name: Spathodea campanulata

Muthulia is one of those trees we often admire from afar—famous for its bold, flame-coloured flowers that brighten roadsides and gardens. But in Luhya traditional medicine, it is far more than ornamental. This striking tree has long been used to treat respiratory illnesses and skin conditions, especially painful boils (likundu).

Traditional Uses

When treating boils, the leaves of Muthulia are boiled into a warm decoction. The liquid is either drunk to “cool the blood” or used as a skin wash. In some cases, the boiled or crushed leaves are applied directly to the boil as a poultice to help draw out the swelling and relieve pain.

For respiratory issues, including chesty coughs and pneumonia (apaki), the same leaf decoction is sipped like a tea. It’s known to gradually ease congestion and soothe the chest—used for both adults and children in a home setting. The tree’s sap or a mild infusion of its leaves is also sometimes used to clean wounds, thanks to its gentle cleansing properties.

Scientific Insight

Modern studies have confirmed that Spathodea campanulata contains beneficial compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These give the tree its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, reinforcing its traditional use for treating infections and soothing inflammation.

Important Considerations

While Muthulia is trusted in many herbal traditions, certain parts of the plant—especially the seeds—can be toxic if ingested in large quantities. As with all miti shamba, it’s best to use under the guidance of an experienced herbalist, and avoid internal use during pregnancy or in very young children without professional advice.

Abaki (Warburgia ugandensis)

Common Name: East African Greenheart, Pepper Bark Tree
Local Name (Luhya): Abaki
Botanical Name: Warburgia ugandensis

Abaki is one of the most powerful healing trees found across East Africa. Its bark, bitter and peppery, gives the tree its nickname—pepper bark tree. Among the Luhya and many other communities, Abaki is highly respected in traditional medicine, especially for treating persistent chest infections, malaria, and stomach complaints. It is considered a go-to remedy when other treatments fail.

Traditional Uses

The bark of Abaki is usually boiled into a strong, bitter decoction and taken in small amounts. This remedy is used to treat chest infections such as pneumonia (apaki), deep coughs, and even tuberculosis symptoms. The bitterness is believed to purge internal blockages and “burn out” illness from the chest.

In addition to respiratory uses, the same decoction is taken to manage malaria symptoms, fever, and general body weakness. A small piece of bark may also be chewed directly to relieve toothache or gum infections. In some cases, Abaki is used to treat stomach parasites or digestive discomfort. The tree’s pungent scent and bitterness are seen as cleansing—both physically and spiritually.

Scientific Insight

Warburgia ugandensis has been widely studied and shown to contain sesquiterpenes, drimane-type compounds, and flavonoids, all of which contribute to its strong antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Its bark has been cited in ethnobotanical research as one of East Africa’s most potent medicinal plant materials.

Important Considerations

Because of its intensity, Abaki should be used cautiously. The bark is very strong and can irritate the digestive system if overused. It is not recommended during pregnancy or for young children unless supervised by a trained herbalist. As with many powerful miti shamba, its strength lies in careful use and deep traditional knowledge.

Musine (Croton megalocarpus)

Common Name: Croton Tree
Local Name (Luhya): Musine
Botanical Name: Croton megalocarpus

Musine is a tall, fast-growing tree common in many parts of Kenya. While often planted for its shade or soil-replenishing qualities, in Luhya households it carries deep medicinal value—especially for children. It is one of those homegrown trees with humble leaves and surprising healing strength.

Traditional Uses

Beatrice shared that Musine was often used to treat skin rashes and fevers in newborns and small children. The fresh leaves are boiled into a gentle decoction and either given in small sips or used as a herbal bath. Mothers would bathe babies in this warm infusion to ease itchiness, heal diaper rash, or bring down fever. The same bath was believed to “cool the blood” and cleanse the body of underlying heat.

In some communities, the leaves are also used in postpartum care—either as a wash or a steam to aid recovery for new mothers. Though not bitter or strong-tasting like some other miti shamba, Musine is valued for its gentle effectiveness.

Scientific Insight

Croton megalocarpus contains essential oils, diterpenes, and flavonoids, compounds that contribute to its antiseptic, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory qualities. The leaves and bark are traditionally known to soothe skin conditions and support immune function, particularly in children.

Important Considerations

While Musine is considered safe for external use and mild decoctions, internal use—especially in high doses—should be approached with care. The seeds are known to be toxic and are not used in herbal medicine. As always, proper guidance from a herbalist is advised, especially when used on infants or new mothers.

Isongo (Milicia excelsa / African Teak)

Common Name: African Teak, Iroko
Local Name (Luhya): Isongo
Botanical Name: Milicia excelsa (tentative; identification varies regionally)

Isongo is revered among the Luhya for its medicinal versatility, especially in treating eye infections and supporting children’s health. Known for its strong, durable timber and towering presence in the forest, this tree also plays a quiet but significant role in rural home-based care. Its medicine is gentle enough for children, yet powerful enough to treat infections and inflammation.

Traditional Uses

Traditionally, Isongo is used to treat conjunctivitis and other minor eye infections. The leaves are boiled into a light decoction, and once cooled, the liquid is carefully administered into the eye using a dropper or a clean piece of cloth. In some cases, a few drops may also be placed on the tongue—especially in children—as a way to treat infections that manifest both internally and externally.

Beyond eye care, Isongo is also used to boost general immunity in children. A mild decoction made from the leaves is sometimes given orally in very small amounts or used to wash the body of a sick or spiritually afflicted child. Its mild action makes it suitable for pediatric care when other stronger herbs might be too harsh.

Scientific Insight

Although Milicia excelsa is primarily known for its timber value, studies have shown that its bark and leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In East African ethnomedicine, its use in treating microbial infections, particularly of the eyes and skin, has been documented in multiple community surveys.

Other species may also go by the local name Isongo, so it’s possible the plant used traditionally by Luhya communities differs slightly in morphology or habitat.

Important Considerations

Herbal eye treatments require great care. The decoction must be fresh, properly strained, and applied hygienically to avoid introducing further infection. While Isongo is a trusted home remedy, it’s essential to monitor symptoms closely—persistent or worsening eye conditions should be referred to a trained medical practitioner. Likewise, its oral use in children should be guided by someone with deep familiarity with herbal medicine and dosage.

Mukhubhumbwa (Botanical ID in progress)

Common Name: [To be confirmed]
Local Name (Luhya): Mukhubhumbwa
Botanical Name: [Under verification]

Mukhubhumbwa is remembered by its name alone in many rural Luhya households—one of those potent herbal remedies pulled out in cases of emergency. Most commonly, it was used to treat bloody diarrhoea, particularly in children or during seasonal outbreaks of stomach illnesses. While the exact botanical identification is still being verified, its preparation and use remain vivid in oral tradition.

Traditional Uses

The leaves of Mukhubhumbwa are smashed or pounded, and the liquid extract is collected—either taken directly or lightly warmed and administered by spoon. This fresh herbal extract is said to work fast, drying out the diarrhoea, calming abdominal pain, and helping the patient regain strength.

In some cases, it may be combined with other mild decoctions or porridge to ease the bitterness and encourage children to take it. The plant’s ability to stop blood in stool is what gave it its trusted place in the traditional healer’s medicine pouch.

Scientific Insight

Due to lack of formal identification, the pharmacological properties of Mukhubhumbwa are yet to be confirmed. However, its reputation aligns with plants known for astringent, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, especially those used in traditional gastrointestinal care.

Important Considerations

Because Mukhubhumbwa is used in acute cases of illness, dosage and timing are crucial. It’s always important to monitor symptoms closely and seek modern medical support when signs of dehydration or persistent diarrhoea occur—especially in children. As with many miti shamba remedies, local knowledge plays a key role in determining how and when it is used.

Mkomari (Cordia africana)

Common Name: East African Cordia, Sudan Teak
Local Name (Luhya): Mkomari
Botanical Name: Cordia africana

Mkomari is a graceful, wide-canopied tree often found along roadsides, farms, and homesteads across East Africa. While it’s well known for its strong timber and shade, it also holds a quiet, respected place in traditional medicine—particularly for women’s health and post-birth recovery.

Traditional Uses

In Luhya tradition, Mkomari was especially known for its role in helping remove retained placenta after childbirth. The leaves are smashed and the fresh liquid extract is given to the mother to help stimulate natural expulsion. This practice was common in places with limited access to medical care, and Mkomari became one of the trusted remedies in such moments.

In other cases, the liquid extract or a decoction from the leaves was also used to relieve abdominal pain or support general postpartum recovery. While not as bitter or potent as some herbs, Mkomari was believed to work gently and effectively, particularly when used soon after birth.

Scientific Insight

Cordia africana contains compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and mucilage, which are associated with anti-inflammatory, soothing, and wound-healing effects. Though more research is needed on its reproductive uses, studies have confirmed its role in traditional treatments for digestive and inflammatory conditions.

Important Considerations

Because Mkomari is used in a reproductive context, care must be taken with dosage and timing. It’s traditionally reserved for immediate postpartum use under the guidance of elders or herbalists. The bark and seeds are not commonly used medicinally, and internal use should be approached with care, especially during pregnancy.

Mutsusu (Croton macrostachyus)

Common Name: Broad-leaved Croton
Local Name (Luhya): Mutsusu (also Musuzuu)
Botanical Name: Croton macrostachyus

Mutsusu is a tall, fast-growing tree commonly found on forest edges, riverbanks, and farm boundaries across East Africa. With its broad leaves and spreading crown, it’s often used for shade, erosion control, and compost. But beyond its ecological uses, Mutsusu holds a deep place in traditional medicine for both people and livestock.

Traditional Uses

Among the Luhya, Mutsusu is known for its use in treating diarrhoea, fever, and intestinal worms. The bark and leaves are either boiled or pounded, and the extract is given in small, measured doses. In cases of bloody diarrhoea or stomach infections, this remedy is considered fast-acting and purifying.

The leaves may also be added to bathing water for children with fevers, rashes, or unexplained irritability. In some communities, a light decoction is used for postpartum cleansing or for helping livestock recover from illness—making Mutsusu a true multi-use healing tree on the homestead.

Scientific Insight

Croton macrostachyus contains diterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins, compounds associated with antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, and anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific studies confirm its potential in managing gastrointestinal conditions and bacterial infections.

Important Considerations

While Mutsusu is widely used, it is a strong medicinal plant. High doses, particularly of the bark, can be toxic. The seeds are also considered poisonous and are not used in herbal preparations. As always, guidance from an experienced herbalist is essential—especially when treating children or mixing with other remedies.

Shikangania (Bridelia micrantha)

Common Name: Mitzeeri, Coastal Goldenleaf
Local Name (Luhya): Shikangania
Botanical Name: Bridelia micrantha

Shikangania is one of those tall, leafy trees that’s often found quietly growing near rivers, forests, or old homesteads. But for herbalists and elders, it’s a powerhouse—used for everything from treating childhood ailments to livestock care. It’s one of the more versatile miti shamba species in Luhya traditional medicine, trusted across generations for its wide-ranging healing properties.

Traditional Uses

Beatrice shared that Shikangania was particularly used when treating serious illnesses in cows, especially a condition known locally as Athuya. Symptoms included trembling and collapsed ears. The leaves were crushed and given as a strong liquid to the animal; once administered, the ears were carefully cut to release pressure and allow healing to begin. Beatrice discusses that the “ears are cut with a knife and allowed to bleed. This disease is called Athuya”.

In human medicine, Shikangania is used for treating fevers, skin infections, and internal cleansing. The bark or leaves are boiled into a decoction and taken in small doses to “clean the stomach,” reduce fever, or manage pain. It’s also known to be used for postpartum care, either as a wash or gentle steam to help mothers recover.

 Shikangania can only be used as firewood during funerals and burns well even when wet (Chagema, 2022).

Scientific Insight

Bridelia micrantha is rich in alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Research supports its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It has shown promise in studies related to malaria, skin conditions, and gastrointestinal infections, validating its wide use in traditional medicine.

Important Considerations

Like many potent trees, Shikangania should be used with knowledge and care. While it’s safe for external use and mild internal remedies, the bark and concentrated extracts can be strong. Always consult an experienced herbalist—especially when using it on children, during pregnancy, or for livestock care.

Libhukhisa (Botanical ID in progress)

Common Name: [To be confirmed]
Local Name (Luhya): Libhukhisa
Botanical Name: [Under verification]

Libhukhisa is remembered in oral tradition as a tree used to treat mysterious illnesses—often symptoms that wouldn’t respond to regular herbs. It was part of a trio, alongside Shikhuma and Musuthu, used for livestock diseases like Athuya, a condition marked by shivering, weakness, and drooping ears in cows.

Traditional Uses

In cases of livestock illness, the leaves of Libhukhisa were crushed and the liquid administered orally. Once given, the ears of the animal were cut slightly to release pressure—a sign that the healing process had begun. It’s said that within hours, the cow would show signs of improvement.

Although primarily remembered for its veterinary role, Libhukhisa is also believed to have spiritual cleansing qualities. Elders sometimes included it in herbal mixtures to ward off misfortune or unexplained illness in children or the homestead.

Scientific Insight

Since the botanical identity of Libhukhisa is still under research, its chemical composition remains unconfirmed. However, its uses suggest possible antimicrobial, febrifuge, and blood-cleansing qualities, similar to other plants used in East African ethnoveterinary medicine.

Important Considerations

As Libhukhisa is primarily known through oral knowledge and field use, dosage and application are highly contextual. This makes proper identification and community validation essential. Until its botanical name is confirmed, use should remain cautious and guided by those with intergenerational experience.

Shikhuma (Zanthoxylum gilletii)

Common Name: African Satinwood, Knobwood
Local Name (Luhya): Shikhuma
Botanical Name: Zanthoxylum gilletii

Shikhuma is a hardy, medicinal tree known for its prickled bark and sharp scent—both signs of its powerful healing properties. Among the Luhya and other communities in East and Central Africa, it is respected as both a spiritual cleanser and a remedy for stubborn illnesses in humans and livestock. The bark, roots, and leaves are all used, making it one of the most versatile miti shamba trees.

Traditional Uses

Beatrice shared that Shikhuma played a key role in treating Athuya—a serious livestock illness where cows become weak, shiver, and their ears collapse. The leaves would be crushed, the liquid extracted and given to the animal. Once administered, the ears would be lightly cut, believed to release pressure and activate healing.

In human medicine, Shikhuma is used to treat fevers, malaria, and stomach upsets. Its bark and roots are pounded and boiled into a bitter decoction taken in small, controlled amounts. Some families also use it as a spiritual cleanser—burning small amounts of bark or bathing with a mild infusion to ward off bad luck or misfortune.

Scientific Insight

Zanthoxylum gilletii contains alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, and tannins, compounds known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and analgesic effects. It is closely related to other species in the Zanthoxylum genus that have been studied for treating parasitic infections and promoting circulation.

Important Considerations

Due to its potency, especially in root and bark form, Shikhuma should be used sparingly and under guidance. It is not recommended for pregnant women, small children, or continuous long-term use. It has a bitter, almost peppery taste that can irritate the stomach if overused. In livestock, correct preparation and dosage are crucial.

In our interview, Beatrice shares that Athuya is traditionally treated with a potent herbal concoction made from the leaves of three native trees: Musine, Shikhuma (or Shikangania), and Libhukhisa.

Avocado (Persea americana)

Common Name: Avocado
Local Name (Luhya): Avocado (commonly used name)
Botanical Name: Persea americana

Avocado trees are a familiar sight in many Kenyan homesteads—grown primarily for their rich, buttery fruit. But beyond nutrition, Beatrice shared that the seed of the avocado holds a surprising medicinal secret. In traditional healing, especially among the Luhya, this everyday fruit becomes a tool for addressing one of the most common pains: the toothache.

Traditional Uses

For a toothache, the hard seed of the avocado is dried and then crushed into a fine powder. A small pinch of this powder is placed directly into the cavity or root canal of the affected tooth. Within hours, the pain subsides—often dramatically—and in many cases, people report a complete absence of discomfort. Beatrice described it as a remedy her parents swore by, passed down and still used in her home today.

The powder acts almost like a miti shamba poultice, drying out infection and relieving pressure in the gums. Some users even say that it “draws out” the source of the pain—a belief that has deep roots in herbal folklore.

Scientific Insight

Persea americana seeds contain polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and phytosterols, which have been shown to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. While most research focuses on the fruit, recent studies have begun to explore the seed’s medicinal potential, particularly for oral and gut health.

Important Considerations

Although the seed is traditionally used topically in this remedy, it is not typically consumed due to concerns about its bitterness and potential toxicity in large amounts. The powder should be used cautiously and in small quantities. This is a folk remedy and should not replace professional dental care, especially in cases of infection or advanced decay.

Mhira

Common Name: Unknown (Possibly sacred or diagnostic tree)
Local Name (Luhya): Mhira
Botanical Name: Unverified – community-based identification pending

Mwira, commonly known as Mhira, is more than a tree—it’s a spiritual cornerstone in Luhya traditional life. Its presence near a homestead is considered essential, not just for healing but for safeguarding truth and well-being. Described by elders as a “witness tree,” Mhira occupies a unique role in both medicine and moral justice. Though its English or botanical identity remains unclear, what’s remembered and passed down is the depth of its purpose.

Traditional Uses

As a snake-repellent and spiritual guardian, Mhira is paradoxically known to attract snakes while simultaneously protecting the household from snake-related spiritual harm. The tree is believed to absorb negative energy and act as a silent barrier against ill intent.

For stomach ailments and child wellness, the leaves are boiled into a decoction and either sipped or used in a bath. In particular, children who are weak, dehydrated, or suffering from spiritually rooted ailments are bathed in the infusion to cool the body and restore strength.

Perhaps most famously, Mhira is used in murder detection and truth-revealing. In cases of suspected foul play, a person’s interaction with Mhira—whether ingesting a remedy or being near the tree—is believed to trigger physical signs of guilt. The skin may begin to peel, sweat pours from the body, or fever may arise. These symptoms are interpreted as the tree exposing hidden wrongdoing.

The tree is also widely used for spiritual protection, often planted at the front of the homestead to shield the family from witchcraft, bad energy, and lies. It is believed to hold a presence that silently watches over the home.

Community Knowledge

Although unconfirmed botanically, Mhira is remembered through oral tradition for three core functions. It is a healer, used to treat internal and skin-related ailments; a detective, revealing guilt and spiritual unrest; and a defender, planted as a form of energetic and spiritual armour for the home. These layered roles have made it one of the most revered trees to plant—particularly by herbalists, elders, or those who maintain spiritual leadership in the community.

Important Considerations

The use of Mhira in rituals, especially those involving truth-revealing or spiritual judgement, is highly sensitive and clan-specific. Its preparation and administration are best handled by traditional custodians who understand its cultural protocols. While its effects are real and powerful within the belief system that holds them, Mhira is not a substitute for professional legal or medical care, but a sacred tool for justice and healing as defined by community tradition. Beatrice emphasised that this “plant is like a vine, it is very important”.

Indula (Sida tenuicarpa / Sida cordifolia)

Common Name: Wireweed, Country Mallow
Local Name (Western Kenya): Indula
Botanical Name: Sida tenuicarpa / Sida cordifolia

Indula is a small but powerful herb used widely in Western Kenya for its therapeutic effects on the reproductive and digestive systems; “for people who have stomach ailments”. Though often growing wild along footpaths and in disturbed soils, this humble-looking plant is deeply woven into the local pharmacopeia—particularly in support of women’s health.

Traditional Uses

In traditional medicine, Indula is used to induce labour or to help expel the placenta after childbirth. Midwives and herbalists prepare the roots and leaves into a warm decoction, administered in small doses to stimulate uterine contractions. “A glass of the decoction is taken every day” until one heals.  It is also used as a menstrual stimulant, helping to regulate delayed periods and relieve cramping or muscle pain associated with the cycle.

Beyond reproductive health, the plant is widely used to treat abdominal pain and digestive discomfort. When taken in moderation, the boiled root-and-leaf infusion acts as a gentle tonic for gastrointestinal upsets, helping to reduce bloating, gas, and general digestive unease.

Scientific Insight

Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Kakamega County and South Nandi (Odongo et al., 2018; Jeruto et al., 2015) document the use of Sida tenuicarpa under the local name Indula for precisely these applications—labour induction, postpartum recovery, and stomach discomfort. Pharmacological analysis of its cousin, Sida cordifolia, supports the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and mucilage with known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and uterotonic effects.

Important Considerations

Though natural, Indula is not without risks. Because of its strong abortifacient and uterine-stimulating properties, it should never be used casually or without the guidance of an experienced herbalist or traditional birth attendant. Pregnant women should avoid unsupervised use, especially in early stages of pregnancy. Like many plants with powerful effects on the reproductive system, it is respected and used only with intention.

Irojo (Trichilia emetica)

Common Name: Natal Mahogany, Cape Mahogany
Botanical Name: Trichilia emetica

Irojo is a majestic and medicinally prized tree, known for its glossy leaves, hard timber. Beatrice describes it as having “striking red-and-black seeds” that burst from its fruit capsules. Among communities across East and Southern Africa, including the Luhya, this tree is valued as both a healer and protector. Its uses span the spiritual, physical, and cosmetic realms, making it one of the more culturally significant miti shamba.

Traditional Uses

In traditional medicine, the bark of Irojo is commonly boiled to create a strong decoction used for gastrointestinal issues—especially stomach upsets, dysentery, and intestinal worms. In some communities, it is taken as a purgative or given as an enema to cleanse the body of internal blockages and impurities.

Irojo is also used to treat respiratory illnesses such as colds, fevers, and pneumonia. Decoctions of the bark and roots are taken in small doses to help open the chest, reduce inflammation, and ease breathing. Women traditionally use bark infusions to support fertility or ease labour pains, a practice passed down from elder midwives.

Topically, the leaves or bark are applied to skin conditions like rashes, eczema, and minor wounds. In some households, leaf infusions are added to bathwater or used as compresses to treat skin irritation. The seed oil—rich and emollient—is also applied to relieve joint pain, especially in cases of rheumatism, or used as a natural body oil.

Among certain elders, the tree is used in spiritual purification. Its leaves are said to cleanse spaces of bad energy, while in some homes, the seed pods are hung at the doorway as a form of protection or luck charm.

Scientific Insight

Modern studies have confirmed that Trichilia emetica contains active compounds such as limonoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins—each contributing to its broad medicinal profile. These constituents support its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. It has been studied for its liver-protective effects and as a potential treatment for bacterial infections. The red arils that surround its seeds are attractive to birds and signal a rich presence of phytochemicals—though the seeds themselves are not typically ingested due to toxicity concerns.

Important Considerations

As with many potent medicinal trees, Irojo should be used thoughtfully and in moderation. Its bark and root decoctions are known to cause vomiting if overused and may be too strong for children or pregnant women. Because of its purgative strength, it is best used under the guidance of someone trained in herbal medicine. While widely respected for its healing qualities, Irojo is a plant of power—and like all strong medicine, it demands respect.

Nungunungu (Porcupine Quills)

Common Name: Porcupine
Local Name (Luhya): Nungunungu
Traditional Material Used: Quills (spines)

While not a plant, Nungunungu—the porcupine—features in traditional medicine as a powerful remedy for persistent and serious coughs. The use of its quills as medicine reflects the depth of African indigenous knowledge, where healing isn’t always rooted in leaves and bark alone, but also in symbolic and ritual practices passed down through generations.

Traditional Uses

In cases of chronic cough, especially when the illness was believed to be resistant to herbal treatment or connected to deeper spiritual imbalance, porcupine quills were carefully burned. “The resulting ash was collected and licked in small amounts”, often mixed with a bit of honey, oil, or water to make it palatable.

This remedy was considered especially effective when the cough came with chest tightness, long-lasting phlegm, or signs of a spiritual affliction. In some traditions, it was only administered by an elder or someone knowledgeable in animal-based healing methods.

The symbolism of the porcupine—an animal that protects itself through natural defence and silence—was thought to transfer its strength to the patient, clearing the lungs and restoring breath.

Cultural and Spiritual Insight

The use of animal parts in healing is less common today but remains an important part of traditional knowledge. In many Luhya clans, nungunungu medicine is respected not only for its physical impact but for the spiritual strength it offers. It is considered a last resort for unrelenting coughs, especially when caused by cold weather, spiritual interference, or when all other herbal treatments have failed.

The burning of the quill itself was often performed with care—sometimes accompanied by prayer or silence, underscoring the sacred nature of this form of healing.

Important Considerations

Today, this remedy is rarely practiced and may raise ethical questions around animal welfare. Modern alternatives for cough treatment are widely available, and any use of animal-based medicine should be approached with deep cultural sensitivity, respect for wildlife, and legal awareness. In many areas, porcupines are protected, and their hunting is regulated.

Still, this practice remains a fascinating window into how traditional communities approached stubborn illnesses—with creativity, reverence, and a broad understanding of healing that included both the botanical and animal worlds.

Murembe (Erythrina abyssinica)

Common Name: Lucky Bean Tree, Flame Tree
Local Name (Luhya): Murembe
Botanical Name: Erythrina abyssinica

Murembe is known for its bright orange-red blossoms and striking appearance, but among the Luhya people, it is also a healing tree rooted in memory and ceremony. Named after the word for peace, Murembe is often planted near homesteads or burial sites for its symbolic meaning. Yet beyond its cultural presence, this flame tree carries real medicinal weight—especially in treating mumps and swollen glands.

According to Chagema (2022), Murembe mystically cured mumps, a viral disease characterised by fever, malaise, headache and muscle pain accompanied by painful swelling of the glands below the jaw on either side of the neck. Children suffering from the disease were made to go around the ‘magic’ tree seven times while carrying pieces of firewood on their heads and making incantations.

After the audio recording, Beatrice mentioned this tree, she said, to heal: “One would have to carry firewood of the Murembe, run around the tree singing a song and drop the firewood on the tree and quickly run away.”

Traditional Uses

When a child developed mumps—a viral infection causing painful swelling of the salivary glands—elders would harvest the bark or soft roots of Murembe. These parts were boiled into a warm decoction, and the affected area would be gently washed or steamed using the herbal infusion. Sometimes, the paste was applied directly to the swollen cheek or neck, offering relief and reducing inflammation.

In other uses, Murembe was also considered a cleansing and cooling tree, helpful for reducing fevers, soothing skin conditions, and calming spiritual agitation. The tree’s association with peace extended to its medicinal role, believed to “quiet” the body when in distress.

Scientific Insight

Erythrina abyssinica contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, which have shown anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects in pharmacological studies. It has been explored for its potential in treating infections, respiratory conditions, and inflammation—all of which align with its use in managing mumps.

Important Considerations

Murembe is a tree of ceremony as much as it is of healing. Though generally considered gentle, its bark and roots should be used with care—especially in children. Only small, diluted doses of the decoction are recommended for topical use. Internal consumption is uncommon and not widely advised without herbalist guidance.

Mwarubaini (Azadirachta indica)

Common Name: Neem
Local Name (Swahili): Mwarubaini
Botanical Name: Azadirachta indica

Mwarubaini—literally meaning “of forty cures” in Swahili—is one of East Africa’s most iconic and widely used medicinal trees. Introduced from the Indian subcontinent but now fully naturalized in Kenya and across tropical Africa, the neem tree holds a revered place in both herbal healing and spiritual protection.

Traditional Uses

Every part of the neem tree is considered medicinal. The leaves are commonly boiled into a decoction to treat malaria, fever, stomach upsets, intestinal worms, and skin eruptions. The bitter taste is a trademark of its detoxifying properties. A few sips of the green liquid are believed to cleanse the blood and lower inflammation in the body.

For skin conditions, neem leaves are either crushed and applied directly to wounds, boils, and fungal infections or infused into bathwater to soothe itching and rashes. Neem paste is also used on the face to treat acne and eczema.

The bark and twigs are chewed as a natural toothbrush (locally known as mswaki) and are praised for their antibacterial qualities, promoting oral hygiene and gum health.

In traditional homes, burning dried neem leaves is a way to repel mosquitoes and cleanse the air of negative energies. In spiritual practices, neem is often used to ward off witchcraft or misfortune and is planted near homesteads for protection.

Scientific Insight

Neem is packed with powerful compounds such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and quercetin, which have shown antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in modern studies. It is also under investigation for potential diabetic, liver-protective, and immune-boosting applications.

Due to its wide range of pharmacological effects, neem is now used in the formulation of soaps, toothpaste, and even organic pesticides.

Important Considerations

Despite its natural origin, neem is potent and should be used with care. Consuming large amounts of the decoction may cause nausea or liver strain. It is not recommended for pregnant women, as it may induce miscarriage. Neem oil should never be ingested. As always, traditional knowledge must be applied with respect and caution, ideally with guidance from an experienced herbalist.

Kumusemwa (Syzygium cordatum)

Common Name: Waterberry, African Waterberry
Local Name (Luhya): Kumusemwa
Botanical Name: Syzygium cordatum; or the Syzygium guineense

Kumusemwa is a riverside tree with glossy green leaves and dark purple fruits, known not just for its beauty, but for its deep healing potential. Found in moist areas and riverbanks across Kenya, it is cherished in traditional Luhya medicine—especially for respiratory conditions, digestive ailments, and skin health. The name itself is deeply rooted in local knowledge systems, and the tree is respected for both its nutritional and medicinal value.

Traditional Uses

In home-based remedies, the leaves and bark of Kumusemwa are often boiled into a herbal decoction and taken as a drink to relieve chest infections, pneumonia, and persistent coughs. This decoction is given in small amounts—usually half a glass—to reduce inflammation and ease breathing. It’s especially trusted during cold seasons or when a child develops signs of respiratory illness.

The bark is also known for its antidiarrheal properties. When finely shaved and boiled, it produces a dark liquid that can be taken to calm stomach upsets, cramps, or diarrhea. The fruits, while edible and sweet, are sometimes used in mild digestive tonics for children.

Among some elders, Kumusemwa has been used to support wound healing and treat mouth sores—either by gargling the cooled decoction or applying it gently to affected areas.

Scientific Insight

Modern studies on Syzygium cordatum highlight its high levels of tannins, flavonoids, and essential oils, which contribute to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Research confirms its potential in treating gastrointestinal infections, coughs, and even malaria symptoms in some traditional contexts. Its fruit is rich in vitamin C and other nutrients that support immune function.

The bark’s astringent properties also make it a useful remedy for reducing swelling and controlling bleeding—an effect long observed in traditional usage.

Important Considerations

While generally considered safe when prepared properly, Kumusemwa bark is quite strong and should be used sparingly—especially in children. Large quantities can cause nausea or dryness in the mouth. Like all herbal medicine, it should be prepared in moderation and preferably under the guidance of someone knowledgeable in plant use.

Kumufutu (Vitex doniana)

Common Name: African Black Plum, African Oak
Local Name (Luhya): Kumufutu
Botanical Name: Vitex doniana

Kumufutu is a treasured fruit and medicinal tree found across Western Kenya (featured image). Its sweet, dark-purple fruits nourish the body, while its bark and leaves are powerful remedies in Luhya herbal medicine. Often planted near homesteads, this multipurpose tree is valued for its healing role in stomach ailments, weakness, and fertility challenges.

Traditional Uses

The bark is boiled into a herbal decoction to relieve abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and stomach cramps. It’s also used to restore energy and appetite after illness. Among some Luhya families, kumufutu is used in fertility rituals, where women may drink the decoction or use it in spiritual cleansing baths.

The fruit, rich in nutrients, is eaten fresh or made into drinks to help cleanse the system and boost iron levels.

Scientific Insight

Vitex doniana contains flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidants, supporting its use in treating infections, fatigue, and digestive issues. The bark has shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in pharmacological studies, aligning with its traditional roles.

Important Considerations

While the fruit is safe and nutritious, the bark should be used cautiously and in small amounts. It may cause laxative effects if overused. Pregnant women should consult a herbalist before use for fertility-related purposes.

Credits

This work would not have been possible without the grounded knowledge and generous insights of Beatrice Mwashi Mmbone, Shop Nanjala’s Lead Gardener. Her lived experience with native trees and traditional remedies brought invaluable clarity and authenticity to this project.

🎧 Here is an audio recording of Beatrice’s narrative, https://on.soundcloud.com/3j1xFAXIV95fvE7ccd The recording offers a firsthand account of traditional plant knowledge in her own words, and informs this article. Please note: Mwarubaini, Kumusemwa, Kumufutu and Murembe are not included in the recording, as their information was shared afterward or in an article.

Deep appreciation to the generative AI tool ChatGPT, which supported the search for accurate botanical names.

Gratitude also to the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) for their comprehensive reference guide linking local and botanical names. Access it here:
🔗 Kenya Local Names and Botanical Equivalents – ICRAF

Reference

Chagema,A. (September 17, 2022). Murembe, tall magical tree that cured mumps amoung the Luhya [Article]. Standard Media. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001455887/murembe-tall-magical-tree-that-cured-mumps-among-the-luhya

Jeruto, P., Too, E. J., Mwamburi, L., Omari, A. (2015). An inventory of medicinal plants used to treat gynaecological- Obstetric-Urino-Genital Disorders in South Nandi Sub County in Kenya. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 5 (18), 2015 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)

Odongo, E., Mungai, N., Mutai, P., Karumi, E. (2018). Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal plants used in Kakamega County, western Kenya. Applied Medical Research 4(2). DOI:10.5455/amr.20180315095706